State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance
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Features
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Important Updates
This board has been rev'd. There are no functional changes and no part changes. I relaid out the board to accomodate 8 pin DIP transistor packages for pairs Q1/Q2 (NPN) and Q3/Q4 (PNP). You can still use discrete transistors as before but now you have the option to use DIP transistor pair packages like AD's SSM2210/SSM2220.
R29 changes from 1K to 100 ohm.
R55 changes from 1K to 100 ohm.
I can explain... I ordered a batch of 100 1K 1% resistors and got a batch of 100 1% resistors marked 1000 which I assumed were 1K resistors. Lo and Behold it turns out they were 100 OHMs when I measured them. They must have meant 3 significant digits and a multiplier but I ORDERED 1K resistors and admittedly was fooled by the 1000 marking.
This is obviously why mine works fine but yours is oscillating as soon as you turn the resonance to 1 or 2... Sorry about the mixup. Change the above to 100 ohms and you will be far happier.
Introduction
Voltage Controlled Filters are, in my opinion, one of the coolest modules in any synthesizer. They can subtract or add harmonics from the original signal and dynamically change the harmonic content as they are swept by external control voltages or track the keyboard voltage used to control your oscillators. I love the sound of a couple of oscillators tuned low and close to unison put through a low pass filter with a fair amount of resonance. As you modulate the cut off frequency (also in the low range) it has the sound of an airplane passing overhead or a hoomy singer modulating the frequency content of their droning chant by formant filtering with the mouth and throat. And of course white noise through a slowly modulated resonant filter sounds like you're out on the frozen tundra. This filter includes simultaneous high-pass, low-pass and band pass outputs, voltage controllable cut off frequency and resonance (or Q) giving your imagination even more variables to play with as you experiment with sounds. Additionally it provides inputs for a three-signal mixer. This filter puts me in mind of the words of the Jamaican car salesman I purchased my MPV van from many years ago but instead of "Mahn you gonna love daht vahn mahn" I say to you... Mahn you gonna love daht filter Mahn.
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance (All ADSR and LFO) MP3 SamplesInput was two low frequency square waves. |
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance Schematic Page 1 PDF
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Up to 3 signal inputs can be applied
to circuit points AIN1 thru AIN3. The .1uF input caps into 1 meg
input resistors reduces the high pass effect that a smaller input
resistor would have since pin 2 of U3-A is a virtual ground. Square
waves of relatively low frequency will not differentiate too badly
thus preserving their low frequency content. Signal levels of +/-5V
are expected. If you have higher signal levels then reduce the value
of R19 to insure that U3-A is not clipping when you feed in your
signals. The opposite would be true as well (for lower levels
increase the value of R19 to get adequate signal to noise ratio).
U3-A acts as an active mixer with a gain of .30 (with values shown).
The output of U3-A is fed into the filter via R20. The high pass
output appears at the output of U3-A also and is fed to the HP
output via R14 2K.
The suggested panel layout shows jacks and
three pots used as adjustable voltage dividers (level controls) to
provide an input mixer for the unit. The jacks and mixer pots are
not shown on the schematic. This VCF uses LM13700 transconductance
amplifiers as voltage-controlled integrators. There are two of them
in a chain and they operate in the same way. U2-B's transconductance
is controlled by current flowing from ground via Q3 and R16 into
U2-B pin 16. It acts like a voltage-controlled resistor that in
conjunction with C2 is an RC filter. Since the output of U2-B is a
current the signal is actually integrated onto C2. The filtered
(actually integrated) signal is buffered by U4-B and fed to the next
stage (a portion is also fed back to the input of U2-B via R23). R15
is used to bias the LM13700 linearizing diodes on (which is
advertised to reduce distortion through the amp). R26 compensates
for the positive offset applied via R15 (yes it goes to -12 but its
applied to the inverting input). The goal is to keep the signal path
of the system as close to operating about ground as possible. In
practice you will see as high as +/-200 to +/-300 mV of offset at
any of U4's outputs but that's fine. If things were operating near
the rails we would have a problem.
Here's my LAME-O explanation of how this works in laymans
terms (the only terms I know). In order to obtain the state variable
function notice that the low pass signal (at pin 1 of U4-A) is fed
back to the inverting summer (U3-A and associated components) via
R32 49.9K resistor. This in essence causes the low pass signal to be
subtracted from the original signal resulting in high pass output at
U3-A pin 1. The band pass output sounds like it consists of the
difference between the output of the first filter pole and the low
pass output. This drawing helps me to visualize this concept. If this is so off base that it offends any math-savvy
electronics genius types please feel free to submit your
explanation. If you want a far more detailed and exact description
of the theory of State Variable Filters check out Rayal
Johnson's excellent paper Programmable
State-Variable Filter Design For a Feedback Systems Web-Based
Laboratory. Oh and go dig up your big-ass HP graphing calculator...
cause you're gonna need it. Each filter section contributes 6dB/octave filtering (thus the two together result in 12dB/octave). The cut-off frequency control voltage inputs (CV1, CV2 and CV3) are applied to U1-A via the 100K input resistors R9, R10, and R12. Control voltage of between -5V and +10V are expected. Initial Cutoff Frequency control (R4) is used to set the initial cut-off frequency. R1 and R5 limit the range of voltage available at the wiper of R4 in the extreme positions. The summed control voltages are inverted by U1-A (inverting amp gain of .02) and fed to trimmer R2. The 20mV per volt output from U1-A can be trimmed to the requisite 18mV/volt by R2 that drives logging transistor Q1 to achieve a 1V/oct response in filter cut-off frequency. Current through Q1 is mirrored by Q2 that controls the current flowing from emitter to collector in Q3 and Q4. These transistors (Q3, Q4) control the current flowing from the "amp bias input" pins of the LM13700s to ground via current limiting resistors (R16 and R18). The result is that both integrators are controlled simultaneously. Since both are tuned to the same cut-off frequency very little signal above the cut-off frequency gets through the low pass portion. The low pass output is critical to the operation of the other filter modes (as described above). U3-C (and associated components) buffers and amplifies the low pass output. U3-B (and associated components) buffers and amplifies the band pass output. U3-A (and associated components) is the input mixer and doubles as the high pass output buffer. All filter outputs are protected against shorts by 2K resistors. The band pass output is is inverted and given a gain of 3 by U3-D which feeds the resonance/feedback circuit (Point RA). |
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance Schematic Page 2 PDF
Point RA pg.1 (U3-D pin 14) connects to corresponding point RA pg.2 (R51 pin 1). R51 goes to the non-inverting input of U6-A (LM13700 transconductance amp) that controls the amount of negative feedback applied to the input of the filter (point RB pg.2 connects to corresponding point RB pg.1). Adding negative feedback results in the characteristic filter ringing that adds interesting harmonics to the original signal. You will also notice that the output signal level will decrease as the feedback is increased. Simultaneously the amplitude of the ringing will increase. This control is referred to as resonance because the harmonic content of the original signal is accentuated when the control is advanced. At maximum feedback the circuit will produce a very pure sine wave that can be used as a pitch source or control voltage. When the resonance is at about mid level and noise is used as the input signal the output will produce pitched noise. The resonance control circuit simply applies from ground to -10 volts to R46 that controls the "amp bias input" of U6-A and thus its transconductance linearly. The resonance control signal XRES is expected to be -5V to +5 volts.
| Approx. Current Consumption | |
| +12V | 30mA |
| -12V | 30mA |
| +15V | 32mA |
| -15V | 32mA |
You can use just about any general purpose BIFET opamp for the TL084 (quad) and TL082 (dual) and you can sub any of these (LM13600, NE5517, AU5517, NTE870) for the LM13700. General purpose NPNs can be used for Q1 and Q2 and their PNP counterparts should be used for the PNPs. Rev 002 boards accept 8 pin DIP packages for transistor pair packages.i>
As usual I must disclaim any credit regarding the invention of these concepts. The Don Sauers, Robert Moogs and Bernie Hutchins of the world figured all of these concepts out. I am merely implementing my version of it. Acknowledgements Page
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance PCB Parts Layout (Parts Side Shown) PDF
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance Component Value View
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance PCB Bottom Copper (Parts Side Shown)
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance PCB Top Copper(Parts Side Shown)
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance PCB Top Silk Screen
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance PCB Populated
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance on the Breadboard
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance Front Panel and Wiring PDF
The jacks and mixer pots shown in this suggested layout are not on the schematic. Use whatever jacks you are using in your system. The suggested mixer pots are 100K linear taper (log taper would also work fine). This suggestion is provided merely as an example or wiring guide.
State Variable VCF 12dB/Octave With VC Resonance Project Parts List
I specify all resistors as 1% but 5% will work. Metal film 1% will give you better temperature stability. Capacitors can be film, ceramic, or silver mica. The 220pF integrator caps should be high quality and well matched for best results. You can use just about any general purpose BIFET opamp for the TL084 (quad) and TL082 (dual) and you can sub any of these (LM13600, NE5517, AU5517, NTE870) for the LM13700.Project Parts List
| Qty. | Description | Value | Designators |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | LM13700 Dual gm OpAmp(s) | LM13700 | U2, U6 |
| 3 | TL082 Dual Op Amp(s) | TL082 | U1, U4, U5 |
| 1 | TL084 Quad Op Amp | TL084 | U3 |
| 1 | 1N914 Sw. Diode | 1N914 | D1 |
| 2 | 2N3904(s) | 2N3904 | Q1, Q2 |
| 2 | 2N3906(s) | 2N3906 | Q3, Q4 |
| 11 | Ceramic Capacitor (S)(s) | .1uF | C6, C7, C4, C5, C8, C11, C15, C16, C12, C10, C14 |
| 1 | Ceramic Capacitor (S) | 100pF | C1 |
| 2 | Ceramic Capacitor (S)(s) | 220pF | C2, C3 |
| 1 | Ceramic Capacitor (S) | 22pF | C9 |
| 2 | Electrolytic Capacitor (S)(s) | 10uF | C13, C17 |
| 2 | Potentiometer(s) | 100K | R4, R47 |
| 1 | Trim Pot | 100 ohm | R2 |
| 2 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 1%(s) | 49.9K | R52, R48 |
| 3 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 100 OHM | R27, R29, R55 |
| 13 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 100K | R21, R9, R12, R10, R6, R24, R20, R23, R49, R45, R53, R50, R43 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 10K | R8 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 120K | R44 |
| 4 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 150K | R38, R42, R22, R33 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 180K | R37 |
| 4 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 1M | R11, R25, R31, R34 |
| 4 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 20K | R15, R17, R16, R18 |
| 4 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 2K | R13, R39, R36, R14 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 300K | R19 |
| 4 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 30K | R56, R46, R54, R51 |
| 2 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 33K | R1, R5 |
| 2 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 39K | R41, R28 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 4.7K | R57 |
| 2 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 4.7M | R35, R40 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 43K | R26 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 475 ohm | R7 |
| 1 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5% | 47K | R3 |
| 2 | Resistor 1/4 Watt 5%(s) | 49.9K | R32, R30 |
Miscellaneous
- (1) 1/16" Thick aluminum plate for mounting the pots and switches.
- Unit is typically mounted in a synth case with other synth modules.
- Assorted hardware 1" 6-32 nuts and bolts, 1/2" #8 wood screws, etc
- Knobs for potentiometers, wire, solder and typical assorted electronics hand tools.
- Digital Volt Meter and a Signal Tracer or oscilloscope for testing.